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From ternary lithium to lithium iron phosphate, and from cylindrical cells to blade batteries, the “school rivalry” in the power‑battery sector has never ceased.
time：2026-07-27
The accelerated popularization of new energy vehicles makes lithium batteries move from behind the scenes to the front. As the "heart" of electric vehicles, the technical route of batteries directly determines the battery life, safety, cost and service life of the whole vehicle. Facing the complicated battery categories in the market, consumers and practitioners are often confused. This article systematically sorts out the mainstream categories of power lithium batteries to help you see the advantages and disadvantages of each route and its applicable scenarios.
I. Classification by cathode material: DOUBLE HEROES duel between ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate
positive electrode material is the decisive factor of battery performance, and the current market presents the pattern of "two points to the world" between ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate.
Ternary lithium battery (NCM/NCA) taking nickel cobalt manganese or nickel cobalt aluminum as cathode material, the core advantage is high energy density. High nickel ternary (such as NCM811 and NCA) monomer energy density can reach more than 300Wh/kg, and the system energy density exceeds 200Wh/kg, which is the first choice for long-life models. However, the thermal stability of ternary lithium is relatively weak, and it is easier to touch and heat out of control under high temperature or mechanical damage, which requires extremely high thermal management of BMS and PACK. In addition, precious metal resources such as cobalt and nickel are limited and the cost fluctuates greatly.
Lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) lithium iron phosphate as positive electrodeMaterial, although the energy density is lower than ternary lithium (monomer about 160-180wh/kg), it is better than high safety, long cycle life and low cost. The crystal structure of lithium iron phosphate is stable, and the temperature of thermal runaway is as high as over 500℃, which is excellent in acupuncture test. With structural innovation such as CTP and blade battery, the system energy density of lithium iron phosphate has approached the level of ternary lithium, which is dominant in the field of vehicle models below 200000 yuan and energy storage.
2. Classification by cell form: Dispute over the form of cylinder, square and soft bag
the physical form of cell directly affects PACK design, heat dissipation efficiency and production efficiency.
Cylindrical cell represented by 18650, 21700 and 4680, the technology is mature, the degree of automation is high, and the consistency is excellent. Tesla is a firm promoter of the cylindrical route. 4680 large cylinders reduce internal resistance through the infinite ear design, and cooperate with CTC technology to achieve system-level cost reduction. However, the grouping efficiency of cylinder cell is relatively low, the space utilization rate is limited, and the mass production process of large cylinder is still climbing.
Square cell it is currently the mainstream market with a market share of more than 60%. Its shell is aluminum case or steel case, with high structural strength and large heat dissipation area, which is convenient for modular design and BMS management. Head enterprises such as Ningde era and BYD all take Square as the main force. Square cell has high flexibility and can adapt to different sizes, but the production line investment is large and the process standardization degree is not as good as cylindrical.
soft bag cell with Aluminum plastic film package, the energy density is the highest, and the shape can be customized. However, the mechanical strength is weak, and it is difficult to form groups. It depends on structural adhesive and frame fixing. Enterprises such as Funeng technology and SK On have deep cultivation of soft package routes and have specific advantages in the field of high-end passenger cars and unmanned aerial vehicles.
III. Classification by structural innovation: Future evolution from CTP to solid-state batteries
structural innovation is becoming the core driving force for power battery cost reduction and efficiency improvement.
CTP(Cell to Pack) cancel the module link and directly integrate cell into battery pack. The volume utilization rate is increased to more than 70%, and the number of parts is reduced by 40%. CTP 3.0 and BYD blade batteries in Ningde era are typical representatives.
CTC/CTB(Cell to Chassis/Body) further, integrate the cell into the chassis or body structure. The battery pack is the chassis, reducing weight by 10%-15% and improving endurance by 5%-10%. Tesla, zero run, and BYD have all been mass-produced.
semi-Solid/solid state Battery it is regarded as the next generation technology direction. Semi-solid battery (electrolyte solid-liquid mixing) has been loaded in small batches, and the energy density can reach more than 360Wh/kg; All-solid battery (all-solid electrolyte) completely solves the problem of thermal runaway, but the interface impedance, bottlenecks such as mass production technology still need to be broken through, and it is expected to be applied on a large scale around 2030.
IV. Classification by application scenario: differentiated needs of passenger cars, commercial vehicles and special vehicles
different models have different demands for battery performance.
Passenger car pursuing high energy density, fast charging capability and low temperature performance, ternary lithium and middle-end lithium iron phosphate are the mainstream. 800v high-voltage platform and 4C fast charging have become new trends, putting forward higher requirements for cell rate performance and thermal management.
Commercial vehicle (bus, heavy truck) pay attention to cycle life and cost, lithium iron phosphate is absolutely dominant. The heavy truck Power Exchange mode requires high battery standardization, which promotes the popularization of large capacity cell such as 280Ah and 302Ah.
Power lithium battery the essence of the category dispute is the trade-off art of "Impossible triangle" of performance, safety and cost. Ternary lithium and lithium iron phosphate have their own advantages, with different shapes of cylindrical, square and soft packs. CTP, CTC and solid-state batteries continue to evolve. For car companies, there is no "best" battery, only the "most suitable" choice-high-end long-life models tend to be high-nickel ternary, Volkswagen economical models embrace lithium iron phosphate, and commercial vehicles stick to the cost bottom line. For consumers, only by understanding these technical routes can we make more wise decisions when selecting cars.
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Dongguan Juneng New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
137 5142 6524（Miss Gao）
susiegao@power-ing.com
Xinghuiyuan High tech Industrial Park, Dalang Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province
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